Artículos - Psicología

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Burnout syndrome in the nursing staff from arequipa [Síndrome de burnout en personal de enfermería de arequipa]
(Editorial Ciencias Medicas, 2016) Arias Gallegos, Walter Lizandro; Muñoz del Carpio, Toia Agueda
Objective: To analyze the symptoms of the burnout syndrome in nurses. Methods: Correlational study conducted in a sample of 47 nurses from Arequipa city. Maslach´s Burnout Inventory for human service professions and statistical tests for correlations and comparisons of variables were used. Results: In the group, 21.3% of female nurses presented with severe emotional exhaustion and low personal performance indexes whereas 29.8% had high level of depersonalization. The correlations indicated that the burnout syndrome, the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were all positively related (p< 0.01). Additionally, the variance analysis showed significant differences in the global scoring of the syndrome depending on the number of years worked at the service. Conclusions: The studied nurses present high levels of burnout syndrome and mainly those who have been working longer at the service or who have been working less than five years. © 2016, Editorial Ciencias Medicas. All rights reserved.
Comparing topics in CS syllabus with topics in CS research
(Association for Computing Machinery, 2016) Santisteban Pablo, Julio Omar; Delgado Castillo, Danet
This study quantifies and compares the computer security themes found in the ACM Computer Science curricula with the themes addressed in top-ranked computer security re- search conferences over the past six years. On the under- standing that current research should help set the agenda for course coverage, we use a strategic diagram to compare the research topics with the curriculum topics and identify specific future directions for the ACM CS curriculum and for computer security courses.
Concentration Endurance Test (d2): Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population
(IOS Press, 2017) Aguilar Rivera, Daniel; Salinas, C.; Ramos Usuga, D.; Delgado Mejía, I.; Vasallo Key, Y.; Hernández Agurcia, G.; Valencia Vásquez, J.; García Guerrero, Cristina Elizabeth; Garcia de la Cadena, Claudia; Rabago Barajas, B.; Romero García, I.; Campos Varillas, A.; Sánchez Sansegundo, Miriam; Galvao Carmona, Alejandro; Lara, Laura; Granja Gilbert, E.J.; Martín Lobo, Pilar; Velázquez Cardoso, J.; Caracuel, A.; Arango Lasprilla, Juan Carlos
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Concentration Endurance Test (d2) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the d2 test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. The Total number of items processed (TN), Total number of correct responses (CR), Total performance (TP), and Concentration performance (CP) scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age on all scores, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. TN scores were affected by age 2 for Guatemala and Puerto Rico; CR scores were affected by age 2 for Mexico; TP scores were affected by age 2 for Chile, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Spain; and CP scores for Mexico and Spain. Models indicated that children whose parents had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher scores compared to children whose parents had a MLPE?12 years for Mexico and Spain in all scores, and Puerto Rico for TN, CR, and TP, and Guatemala and Paraguay for CP scores. Sex affect the scores for Ecuador and Honduras (CP scores). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate approach to interpret the d2 test in pediatric populations. © 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
Diagnostic capacity and preliminary evaluation of Clock drawing Test, to order criteria from Cacho's version, for patients with mild Alzheimer's disease in Chilean population [Capacidad diagnóstica y validación preliminar del test del reloj, versión de cacho a la orden, para enfermedad de Alzheimer de grado leve en población chilena]
(Fundacion para la difusion neurologica en Ecuador - FUNDINE, 2014) López, Norman; Allegri, Ricardo; Soto Añari, Marcio Fernando
Background: To perform a study with discriminant power and validity using the Clock drawing Test by instruction (CDTI) in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (MAD). Materials and Methods: Phase I diagnostic test study. We included a healthy control arm of 58 elderly people and 40 cases with mild Alzheimer's disease. All participants were examined and diagnosed by clinical consensus. The MMSE, CDTI and clinical record were obtained. Results: There were significant differences between the study groups regarding cognitive tests' performance when comparing age and education, but no differences were found when comparing gender. ANCOVA test showed no significant effect exerted by the demographic variables on cognitive performance in any group. The sensitivity (CTO=84[%] vs MMSE=79, 3[%]), specificity (92, 5[%] vs 82, 5[%]) and diagnostic utility of the CDTO were higher than one's resulting form the MMSE (=0, 90, p=0, 000). The combined use of both instruments increased diagnostic capacity. The best cutoff point for the diagnosis of mild dementia was ≤ 6 points in CDTO and ≤ 23 in MMSE. Both instruments correlated statistically. Conclusions: The CTO is a useful test and can discriminate between cognitively healthy subjects and patients with EAL when appliying the "to order" criteria from Cacho's version.
Effect of learning morphology on the visuospatial processing of chilean university students [Efecto del aprendizaje de morfología en el procesamiento visoespacial de estudiantes universitarios chilenos]
(Sociedad Interamericana de Psicologia, 2016) López Velásquez, Norman Darío; Coronado López, Juan carlos; Soto Añari, Marcio Fernando; Ferrel Ortega, Fernándo Robert
Objective. Check the effect of morphology on learning visuospatial processing in college students. Method. Kinesiology involved 48 students who studied anatomy (EG); and 43 of Social Work, who studied anatomy (UG). Results. No significant differences were recorded at pretest intra - group, but in the post-test, in favor of EG, with an effect size high TCFR Copy and memory. The intergroup analysis showed better performance in the post test in TCFR Copy and memory. These differences were not observed in the TAVLR in either group and statistical analysis. Conclusions. Learning anatomy strengthens visuospatial function, necessary for the proper and professional performance of future college students health sciences. © 2016, Sociedad Interamericana de Psicologia. All rights reserved.
Effects of a combined program of physical activity and cognitive training in Chilean patients with mild Alzheimer [Efectos de un programa combinado de actividad física y entrenamiento cognitivo en pacientes chilenos con Alzheimer leve]
(Ediciones Doyma, S.L., 2015) López, Norman; Véliz, Alex; Soto Añari, Marcio Fernando; Ollari, Juan; Chesta, Sergio; Allegri, Ricardo
The combined use of cognitive activity (CA) and physical activity (PA) seems to modulate the factors associated to the incidence of mild Alzheimer. Objectives To examine the effects of a combined intervention of CA and PA on cognitive performance in the elderly with mild AD. Method Quasi-experimental design, single blind evaluation with groups comparison. Participants 80 subjects = 60 years with neurological diagnosis of mild Alzheimer's dementia, of whom 60 completed the study (19 men and 41 women). Participants were randomly divided into an intervention group (IG: n = 24, M = 71.8 years, SD = 5.5) subjected to a combined program of cognitive training and physical activity for 6 months, and a control group (CG: n = 36, M = 73.8 years, SD = 6.3) composed of sedentary subjects who didn't do any physical activity or were subjected to cognitive training during the study. Results inter and intragroup t-student tests reported significant differences in MMSE, TRCF, TAAVR and TMT-A and B for the GI, an increase in the mean performance of all dimensions evaluated after AF program and BC, in the CG. The ANCOVA reported favorable evidence of the impact of AC and AF on cognitive function of GI versus controls (f = 17,378, P<.000). Conclusions favorable results showing a significant difference in the study groups, emerging as the CA and PA improves cognitive performance of the elderly with dementia were found. © 2014 Sociedad Neurológica Argentina.
Family profile in adolescents with depressive symptomatology in Arequipa City (Peru) [Perfil familiar de adolescentes con sintomatología depresiva en la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú]
(Sociedad de Neurologia Psiquiatria y Neurocirugia, 2018) Rivera Calcina, Renzo; Arias Gallegos, Walter Lizandro; Cahuana Cuentas, Milagros
Introduction: The depression in teenagers is a current theme nowadays, although, there are few clinical studies focused on this population in Peru. In this work we made a descriptive analysis about the depressive symptomatology in adolescents from Arequipa City, according to certain family variables. Method: This is an associative study, which includes a sample of 1225 teenagers among 11 to 18 years old with an average age of 14, who came from public and private high schools around the city. Beck's Depression Inventory, Family Topics Questionnaire, and some questions about domestic violence and alcohol consumption, were applied to the teenagers. Results: We found an important percentage (41.4%) of teenagers who have some levels of depressive symptomatology according to psychometrical criteria, and some factor, such as parental conflict, alcohol consumption and violence from parents to children have significant differences, taking the depression levels as comparative criteria. Conclusions: We conclude that certain features of family disfunctionality like interparental conflict, the alcohol consumption by parents and the parental violence, are associated with depressive symptomatology in teenagers. © 2018 Revista Chilena de Neuro-Psiquiatria. All rights reserved.
Initial psychometric evidence of a brief measure of cancer worry [Evidencias psicométricas iniciales de una medida breve sobre preocu-pación por el cáncer]
(Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2018) Caycho Rodríguez, Tomás; Ventura León, José; Noe Grijalva, Martín; Barboza Palomino, Miguel; Arias Gallegos, Walter Lizandro; Reyes Bossio, Mario; Rojas Jara, Claudio
Objective: The cancer worry is associated with preventive behaviors for the detection of this disease; However, there is no instrument with evidence of validity and reliability to measure this construct in Latin American countries, including Peru. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the evidence of validity based on the internal structure and reliability of the Cancer Worry Scale (CWS) in a sample of people without cancer diagnosis with a family history of cancer. Method: It counted with the participation of 215 healthy people with a family history of cancer who attended the outpatient service of two public and private health institutions in the city of Chimbote with an average age of 42.10 years (SD = 14.05). For the collection of information, an ad hoc sociodemographic record and the Cancer Worry Scale were used. Results: The one-dimensional model presented a good fit of the data (SB?2 (8) = 14.39, SB ?2 / df = 1.79, CFI = 0.991, SRMR = 0.025, RMSEA = 0.061 [IC90%: 0.000-0.111], AIC = 47.701) and adequate reliability (? corrected = 0.90; IC95%: 0.88-0.92). Conclusion: It is concluded that the CWS presents adequate psychometric properties, being a measure that provides valid and reliable interpretations of the cáncer worry in the peruvian context. © 2018, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. All rights reserved.
Level of reading skills as a measure of cognitive reserve in elderly adults
(Scopus, 2013) Soto Añari, Marcio; Flores Valdivia, Gilda; Fernández-Guinea, Sara
Introduction. Cognitive reserve modulates between neurodegenerative processes and the clinical manifestations of cognitive impairment and dementia. This construct is associated with the capacity to optimise the execution of tasks by recruiting neuronal networks and with the use of alternative cognitive strategies that would be mediated by formal educational processes. Aim. To analyse the level of reading skills as a measure of cognitive reserve and as a reliable predictor of performance in tests for evaluating different cognitive domains. Subjects and methods. The sample consisted of 87 healthy subjects who were asked to complete the Word Naming test as an indicator of the level of reading skills; this allowed us to divide the sample into subjects with a low and a high level of reading ability. A broad neuropsychological battery was then applied. Results. The subjects with a low level of reading skills displayed lower general cognitive performance, reduced processing speed and cognitive deficits. Furthermore, the level of reading skills is a better predictor of performance in executive functions and general cognitive performance than the variables age, years of schooling and education. Conclusions. The level of reading skills has shown itself to be a good measure of cognitive reserve and a reliable predictor of executive and cognitive functioning in ageing. © 2013 Revista de Neurología.
Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST): Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population
(IOS Press, 2017) Arango Lasprilla, Juan Carlos; Aguilar Rivera, Daniel; Aguayo Arelis, A.; Garcia de la Cadena, Claudia; Peñalver Guia, Ana Ivis; Vergara Moragues, Esperanza; Rodriguez Lorenzana, A.; Marín Morales, A.; Soto Añari, Marcio Fernando; Lara, Laura; Alcazar Tebar, C.; Galarza del Angel, Javier; Rodriguez Irizarry, W.; Ibáñez Alfonso, Joaquín; García Guerrero, Cristina Elizabeth; Delgado Mejía, I.; Pohlenz Amador, Sarai; Sánchez Sansegundo, Miriam; Rodríguez Agudelo, Yaneth; Nicholls, E.
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the M-WCST as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Number of categories, perseverative errors, and total error scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models indicated main effects for age on all scores, such that the number of categories correct increased and total number of perseverative errors and total number of errors decrease linearly as a function of age. Age 2 had a significant effect in Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, and Spain for numbers of categories; a significant effect for number of perseverative errors in Chile, Cuba, Mexico, and Spain; and a significant effect for number of total errors in Chile, Cuba, Peru, and Spain. Models showed an effect for MLPE in Cuba (total errors), Ecuador (categories and total errors), Mexico (all scores), Paraguay (perseverative errors and total error), and Spain (categories and total errors). Sex affected number of total errors for Ecuador. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate way to interpret the M-WCST with pediatric populations. © 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
Newly developed Learning and Verbal Memory Test (TAMV-I): Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population
(IOS Press, 2017) Aguilar Rivera, Daniel; Olabarrieta Landa, L.; Rabago Barajas, B.; Irías Escher, Maria; Saracostti Schwartzman, Mahia; Ferrer Cascales, R.; Martín Lobo, Pilar; Calderón, J.; Aguilar Uriarte, M.; Peñalver Guia, Ana Ivis; Camlla Ynga, R.; García Guerrero, Cristina Elizabeth; Fernandez Agis, Inmaculada; García Gómez Pastrana, A.; Ibáñez Alfonso, Joaquín; Gómez, H.; Galarza del Angel, Javier; Garcia de la Cadena, Claudia; Arango Lasprilla, Juan Carlos
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Learning and Verbal Memory Test (TAMV-I) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the TAMV-I as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Free recall, memory delay and recognition scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models indicated main effects for age on all scores, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. Age 2 had a significant effect in all countries except Cuba, and Puerto Rico for free recall score; a significant effect for memory delay score in all countries except Cuba and Puerto Rico; and a significant effect for recognition score in in all countries except Guatemala, Honduras, and Puerto Rico. Models showed an effect for MLPE in Chile (free recall), Honduras (free recall), Mexico (free recall), Puerto Rico (free recall, memory delay, and recognition), and Spain (free recall and memory delay). Sex affected free recall score for Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Spain, memory delay score for all countries except Chile, Paraguay, and Puerto Rico, and recognition score for Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Spain, with girls scoring higher than boys. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate way to interpret the TAMV-I with pediatric populations. © 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III: Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population
(IOS Press, 2017) Olabarrieta Landa, L.; Aguilar Rivera, Daniel; Ibáñez Alfonso, Joaquin; Albaladejo Blázquez, Natalia; Martín Lobo, Pilar; Delgado Mejía, I.; Lara, Laura; Rabago Barajas, B.; Rodriguez Salgado, A.; Paredes Quispe, L.; Romero García, I.; Velázquez Cardoso, J.; Garcia de la Cadena, Claudia; Fernandez Agis, Inmaculada; Padilla López, Alfredo; Hernández Agurcia, G.; Marín Morales, A.; Corral San José, A.; Arango Lasprilla, Juan Carlos
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT-III) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the PPVT-III as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. PPVT-III scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age in all countries, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. In addition, age 2 had a significant effect in all countries, except Guatemala and Paraguay. Models showed that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher scores compared to children whose parent(s) had a MLPE ?12 years in all countries, except for Cuba, Peru, and Puerto Rico. Sex affected scores for Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Spain. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate interpretation of the PPVT-III when used in pediatric populations. © 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
Phrenology and its implications: Brief history about a forgotten issue [La frenología y sus implicancias: Un poco de historia sobre un tema olvidado]
(Sociedad de Neurologia Psiquiatria y Neurocirugia, 2018) Arias Gallegos, Walter Lizandro
This article makes a brief historical review of the phrenology, or doctrine of the brain, which was created by Franz Joseph Gall and developed by Johan Caspar Spurzheim and George Combe. Phrenology was spread by various countries like France and England, but it was in the United States, where it reached a high level of diffusion through the foundation of phrenological societies and journal. Moreover, although their postulates were wrong, it is an important antecedent of applied psychology, which meant the passage of metaphysical explanations to the search of the neurophysiological foundations of human behavior. In that sense, phrenology has a well-earned place in the history of psychology and neuroscience in general, which deserves to be recognized with the value that corresponds to it. © 2018 Sociedad de Neurologia Psiquiatria y Neurocirugia. All rights reserved.
Psychometric evidence of a brief measure of resilience in non-institutionalized Peruvian older adults [Evidencias psicométricas de una medida breve de resiliencia en adultos mayores peruanos no institucionalizados]
(Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid, 2018) Caycho Rodríguez, Tomás; Ventura León, José; García Cadena, Cirilo; Tomás, José; Domínguez Vergara, Julio; Lepoldo, Daniel; Arias Gallegos, Walter Lizandro
Resilience is understood as the domain of personal resources and contextual factors that allow for a successful coping and enhance positive adaptation to the different stressors during the lifespan, thereby being important for a healthy and successful aging. Nowadays, several brief instruments have been developed to measure resilience, such as the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), an instrument that measures the ability of people to confront stress in an adaptive way. In this vein, the study provides evidence of the validity and reliability of the BRCS in non-institutionalized older adults in Peru. Two hundred thirty-six elderly people of both genders, 78.4% women and 21.6% men, with a mean age of 72.8 years (SD = 6.90), who answered the Spanish version of the BRCS and other scales to measure satisfaction with life, humor as coping, and depression. Confirmatory factor analysis corroborates the one-dimensional structure of the BRCS. The coefficients of internal consistency, Chronbach’s alpha and omega, indicated an adequate reliability of the BRCS. Both the adjustment indices of the model and the values of the coefficients of reliability were higher compared to those reported in the literature. The BRCS showed positive and significant correlations with satisfaction with life and humor as coping (p < .01). Likewise, negative and significant correlations were observed with depression (p < .01). The results show that the BRCS has proved valid and reliable, supporting its use as a short measure of resilience in older Peruvians. © 2018 Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid.
Psychopathological characteristics in prisoners from Socabaya Penitentiary, Arequipa (Peru) [Características psicopatológicas en los reclusos del Penal de Socabaya de Arequipa (Perú)]
(Elsevier Doyma, 2016) Arias Gallegos, Walter Lizandro; Canales, Fiorella; De la Torre, Nelani
The present research analyzes some clinical features in a group of 78 prisoners at Socabaya Penitentiary from Arequipa, by using Multifasic Personality Inventory MINI MULT. Results point to several psychopathological characteristics, factorized in three profiles: anxious, psychopath, and depressed. © 2015 Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid.
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure - Copy and immediate recall (3 minutes): Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric populations
(IOS Press, 2017) Arango Lasprilla, Juan Carlos; Aguilar Rivera, Daniel; Ertl, Mellisa; Muñoz Mancilla, J.; García Guerrero, Cristina Elizabeth; Rodriguez Irizarry, W.; Aguayo Arelis, A.; Rodríguez Agudelo, Yaneth; Barrios Nevado, M.D.; Vélez Coto, María; Yacelga Ponce, Tarquino; Sánchez Junco, Alina Rigabert; Garcia de la Cadena, Claudia; Pohlenz Amador, Sarai; Vergara Moragues, Esperanza; Soto Añari, Marcio Fernando; Peñalver Guia, Ana Ivis; Saracostti Schwartzman, Mahia; Ferrer Cascales, R.
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the ROCF as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. The ROCF copy and immediate recall (3 minutes) scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effect for age on copy and immediate recall scores, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. Age 2 affected ROCF copy score for all countries, except Puerto Rico; and ROCF immediate recall scores for all countries, except Chile, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, and Puerto Rico. Models indicated that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher scores compared to children whose parent(s) had a MLPE?12 years for Chile, Puerto Rico, and Spain in the ROCF copy, and Paraguay and Spain for the ROCF immediate recall. Sex affected ROCF copy and immediate recall score for Chile and Puerto Rico with girls scoring higher than boys. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate approach to interpret the ROCF Test in pediatric populations. © 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
Shortened Version of the Token Test: Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population
(IOS Press, 2017) Olabarrieta Landa, L.; Aguilar Rivera, Daniel; Rodríguez Lorenzana, Alberto; Pohlenz Amador, Sarai; García Guerrero, Cristina Elizabeth; Padilla López, Alfredo; Sánchez Sansegundo, Miriam; Velázquez Cardoso, J.; Diaz Marante, Juan Pablo; Caparros Gonzalez, Rafael; Romero García, I.; Valencia Vásquez, J.; Garcia de la Cadena, Claudia; Muñoz Mancilla, J.; Rabago Barajas, B.; Barranco Casimiro, R.; Galvao Carmona, Alejandro; Martín Lobo, Pilar; Saracostti Schwartzman, Mahia; Arango Lasprilla, Juan Carlos
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Shortened Version of the Token Test in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the Shortened Version of the Token Test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Shortened Version of the Token Test total scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age in all countries, such that score increased linearly as a function of age. In addition, age 2 had a significant effect in all countries, except Guatemala and Puerto Rico. Models showed that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher score compared to children whose parents had a MLPE ?12 years in Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Spain. The child's sex did not have an effect in the Shortened Version of the Token Test total score for any of the countries. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate interpretation of the Shortened Version of the Token Test when used in pediatric populations. © 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
Stroop Color-Word Interference Test: Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population
(IOS Press, 2017) Aguilar Rivera, Daniel; Morlett-Paredes, Alejandra; Peñalver Guia, Ana Ivis; Irías Escher, Maria; Soto Añari, Marcio Fernando; Aguayo Arelis, A.; Rute Pérez, Sandra; Rodríguez Lorenzana, Alberto; Rodríguez Agudelo, Yaneth; Albaladejo Blázquez, Natalia; Garcia de la Cadena, Claudia; Ibáñez Alfonso, Joaquin; Rodriguez Irizarry, W.; García Guerrero, Cristina Elizabeth; Delgado Mejía, I.; Padilla López, Alfredo; Vergara Moragues, Esperanza; Barrios Nevado, M.D.; Saracostti Schwartzman, Mahia; Arango Lasprilla, Juan Carlos
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Stroop Word-Color Interference test in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the Stroop Word-Color Interference test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. The Stroop Word, Stroop Color, Stroop Word-Color, and Stroop Interference scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age on all scores, except on Stroop Interference for Guatemala, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. Age 2 affected Stroop Word scores for all countries, Stroop Color scores for Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Spain; Stroop Word-Color scores for Ecuador, Mexico, and Paraguay; and Stroop Interference scores for Cuba, Guatemala, and Spain. MLPE affected Stroop Word scores for Chile, Mexico, and Puerto Rico; Stroop Color scores for Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Spain; Stroop Word-Color scores for Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Puerto Rico and Spain; and Stroop-Interference scores for Ecuador, Mexico, and Spain. Sex affected Stroop Word scores for Spain, Stroop Color scores for Mexico, and Stroop Interference for Honduras. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate approach to interpret the Stroop Word-Color Interference test in pediatric populations. © 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population
(IOS Press, 2017) Arango Lasprilla, Juan Carlos; Aguilar Rivera, Daniel; Trapp, S.; Jiménez-Pérez, C.; Hernández Carrillo, C.L.; Pohlenz Amador, Sarai; Vergara Moragues, Esperanza; Rodríguez Agudelo, Yaneth; Rodriguez Irizarry, W.; Garcia de la Cadena, Claudia; Galvao Carmona, Alejandro; Galarza del Angel, Javier; Llerena Espezúa, X.; Torales Cabrera, N.; Flor-Caravia, P.; Aguayo Arelis, A.; Saracostti Schwartzman, Mahia; Barranco Casimiro, R.; Albaladejo Blázquez, Natalia
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the SDMT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. SDMT scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age in all countries, such that score increased linearly as a function of age. In addition, age 2 had a significant effect in all countries, except in Honduras and Puerto Rico. Models indicated that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years of education obtained higher score compared to children whose parent(s) had a MLPE ?12 years for Chile, Guatemala, Mexico, and Spain. Sex affected SDMT score for Paraguay and Spain. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate interpretation of the SDMT with pediatric populations. © 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
Trail Making Test: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish-speaking pediatric population
(IOS Press, 2017) Arango Lasprilla, Juan Carlos; Aguilar Rivera, Daniel; Ramos Usuga, D.; Vergara Moragues, Esperanza; Montero López, E.; Adana Díaz, L.; Aguayo Arelis, A.; García Guerrero, Cristina Elizabeth; Garcia de la Cadena, Claudia; Llerena Espezúa, X.; Lara, Laura; Padilla López, Alfredo; Rodriguez Irizarry, W.; Alcazar Tebar, C.; Irías Escher, Maria; Llibre Guerra, J.; Torales Cabrera, N.; Rodríguez Agudelo, Yaneth; Ferrer Cascales, R.
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Trail Making Test (TMT) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,337 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the TMT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. The TMT-A and TMT-B scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age on both scores, such that as children needed less time to complete the test while they become older. TMT-A scores were affected by age 2 for all countries except, Cuba, Guatemala, and Puerto. TMT-B scores were affected by age 2 for all countries except, Guatemala and Puerto Rico. Models indicated that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years of education needed less time to complete the test compared to children whose parent(s) had a MLPE ?12 years for Mexico and Paraguay in TMT-A scores; and Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, and Spain for TMT-B scores. Sex affected TMT-A scores for Chile, Cuba, Mexico, and Peru, in that boys needed less time to complete the test than girls. Sex did not affect TMT-B scores. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate approach to interpret the TMT in pediatric populations. © 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.

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